Navigating Contentious Times in Rural Education

An Introduction to Volume 11, Issue 2 of TPRE

Authors

  • Jennifer Gallagher Department of Literacy Education and History Education, College of Education, East Carolina University
  • Benjamin Blaisdell Department of Special Education, Foundations, and Research, College of Education, East Carolina University. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-1823
  • Christy Howard Department of Literacy Studies, English Education and History Education, College of Education, East Carolina University
  • Janeé Avent Harris Counselor Education program, Department of Interdisciplinary Professions, College of Education, East Carolina University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-4937

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2021.v11n2p1-14

Keywords:

Critical Race Theory, controversial issues, diversity, equity, inclusion, rural education

Abstract

In this introductory article to the special issue, the guest editors situate the articles of the issue within the current contentious climate surrounding critical race theory (CRT). They first provide a background and summary of the major tenets of CRT then apply those tenets to current legislation aimed at banning CRT in schools. They then situate the current backlash against CRT within a history of resistance to racial justice efforts in schools. The editors explain their stance on the current issue of CRT and then substantiate their position with evidence from the articles within the special issue. The conclusions they draw are that CRT is a valuable and applicable theoretical tool in schools and education research.

Author Biographies

Jennifer Gallagher, Department of Literacy Education and History Education, College of Education, East Carolina University

Jennifer L. Gallagher, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Literacy Studies, English Education and History Education department in the College of Education at East Carolina University where she teaches social studies education courses and serves as the program coordinator for the undergraduate and graduate history education programs. Gallagher is originally from northern Wisconsin and earned her BA and MEd from the University of Minnesota. She taught social studies for several years in Colorado and then earned her PhD at Iowa State University, where she also taught diversity courses, social foundations of education, and social studies methods. Her research and her professional efforts focus on supporting teacher candidates, in-service teachers, and P-20 students in critical inquiry of the social world. She has also collaborated with colleagues across the college and engaged in related work in literacy education, science education, and educational leadership. Her work has been presented and published in state, national, and international outlets including Social Education, Social Studies and the Young Learner, Social Studies Research and Practice, Education, Citizenship and Social Justice and Journal of Social Studies Research. She can be reached at gallagherj17@ecu.edu or on Twitter as @DrGSocialEd

Benjamin Blaisdell, Department of Special Education, Foundations, and Research, College of Education, East Carolina University.

Benjamin Blaisdell, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Special Education, Foundations, and Research at East Carolina University. His scholarship focuses on how white supremacy and antiblackness are normalized in schools. He engages in a collaborative form of research and professional development called equity coaching, which uses critical race theory (CRT) to foster racial literacy and antiracist action with teachers, administrators, and other school personnel. This approach helps educators sustain racial equity efforts beyond training sessions and to develop the capacity to become racial equity leaders. He can be reached at blaisdellb@ecu.edu

Christy Howard, Department of Literacy Studies, English Education and History Education, College of Education, East Carolina University

Christy Howard, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Literacy Studies, English Education, and History Education in the College of Education at East Carolina University. Her research interests focus on culturally responsive literacy instruction, diversity and inclusion in children's literature, content area literacy, and the experiences of students and faculty of color. Her research has been published in several journals including Language Arts, Literacy Research and Instruction, and Action in Teacher Education. She can be reached at howardch14@ecu.edu

Janeé Avent Harris, Counselor Education program, Department of Interdisciplinary Professions, College of Education, East Carolina University

Janeé Avent Harris, PhD, is an associate professor and the graduate program director for the counselor education program in the Department of Interdisciplinary Professions at East Carolina University. She earned a BS in psychology from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; MS in clinical mental health counseling; and PhD in counseling and counselor education from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. After completing her graduate training, Avent Harris served children, adults, and families in a variety of clinical settings including a child/adolescent behavioral health center, college counseling, and Level 1 trauma center. She is a National Certified Counselor and Licensed Mental Health Counselor Associate (NC). Her research agenda examines cultural and contextual factors that contribute to the intersection of religion, spirituality, and mental health. Additionally, her scholarship and service focuses on diversity, equity, and social justice in counseling, education, academia, and beyond. She can be reached at aventj16@ecu.edu.

References

Amiot, M. N., Mayer-Glenn, J., & Parker, L. (2020). Applied critical race theory: Educational leadership actions for student equity. Race Ethnicity and Education, 23(2), 200–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2019.1599342

Apple, M. (2004). Ideology and curriculum. Routledge.

Bell, D. A. (1980). Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93(3), 518–533.

Bell, D. A, Jr. (1992). Racial realism. Connecticut Law Review, 24(2), 363–379.

Bell, D. A, Jr. (2008). Racism as the ultimate deception. North Carolina Law Review, 86(3), 621–634.

Berry, T. R., & Stovall, D. O. (2013). Trayvon Martin and the curriculum of tragedy: Critical race lessons for education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 16(4), 587–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2013.817775

Blaisdell, B. (2016). Schools as racial spaces: understanding and resisting structural racism. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 29(2), 248–272.

Blaisdell, B. (2018). Beyond discomfort? Equity coaching to disrupt whiteness. Whiteness and Education, 3(2), 162–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/23793406.2019.1569477

Blaisdell, B. (2020). Cupcakes, white rage, and the epistemology of antiblackness. Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education, 19(1), 71–90.

Blaisdell, B. (2021) Counternarrative as strategy: embedding critical race theory to develop an antiracist school identity. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2021.1942299

Bridges, K. M. (2018). Critical race theory: A primer. West Academic.

Brown, K., & Jackson, D. D. (2013). The history and conceptual elements of critical race theory. In M. Lynn & A. D. Dixson (Eds.), Handbook of critical race theory in education (pp. 9–22). Routledge.

Buchanan, L.; Bui, Q; & Patel, J. K. (2020, July 3). Black lives matter maybe the largest movement in U.S. history. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html

Chapman, T. K. (2013). Origins of and connections to social justice in critical race theory in education. In M. Lynn & A. D. Dixson (Eds.), Handbook of critical race theory in education (pp. 121–132). Routledge.

Colley, L. (2021). Why hillbillies matter in social studies: Hillbilly Elegy and why WE must respond, Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 11(2), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2021.v11n2p29-44

Cook, D. A., & Dixson, A. D. (2013). Writing critical race theory and method: A composite counterstory on the experiences of black teachers in New Orleans post-Katrina. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 26(10), 1238–1258. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2012.731531

Cornish, A. (Host). (2021, June 22). Academic who brought critical race theory to education says bills are misguided. All Things Considered [Radio broadcast transcript]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/06/22/1009182206/academic-who-brought-critical-race-theory-to-education-says-bills-are-misguided

Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.

Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory: An introduction (3rd ed.). New York University Press.

DiCerbo, P. A., & Baker, L. L. Positioning ourselves toward culturally sustaining pedagogy: Rural teacher narratives. Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 11(2), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2021.v11n2p95-111

Dougherty, J. (2004). More than one struggle: The evolution of Black school reform in Milwaukee. University of North Carolina Press.

Education Week. (2021, September 2). Map: Where critical race theory is under attack. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/map-where-critical-race-theory-is-under-attack/2021/06

Evans, R. W. (2004). The social studies wars: What should we teach the children? Teachers College Press.

Friedersdorf, C. (2021, July 21). Critical race theory is making both parties flip-flop. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/07/north-carolina-critical-race-theory-ban-free-speech/619381/

Gallagher, J. (2020). Navigating difficult knowledge but still evading race: The overwhelming effects of whiteness in doubly constrained Civil Rights teaching. In S. Shear & A. Hawkman (Eds.), Marking the invisible: articulating whiteness in social studies education (pp. 427–452). Information Age Publishing.

Gillborn, D. (2005). Education policy as an act of white supremacy: whiteness, critical race theory and education reform. Journal of Education Policy, 20(4), 485–505.

Granados, A. (2021, July 15). Senate releases new version of HB 324. EdNC. https://www.ednc.org/2021-07-14-senate-puts-out-new-version-of-hb-324/

Guinier, L. (2004). From racial liberalism to racial literacy: Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-divergence dilemma. Journal of American History, 91(1), 92–118.

Harris, S. (2021, August 9). Critical race theory: Western North Carolina educators weigh in. Asheville Citizen Times.https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/2021/08/09/north-carolina-house-bill-324-would-ban-critical-race-theory-classrooms-crt-systemic-racism/7720421002/

Hess, D., & Gatti, L. (2010). Putting politics where it belongs: In the classroom. New Directions for Higher Education, 2010(152), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/he.408

Hui, T. K. (2021b, July 19). Will NC schools banning critical race theory lead to ‘witch hunts’ of teachers? Charlotte Observer. https://greensboro.com/news/local/education/will-nc-schools-banning-critical-race-theory-lead-to-witch-hunts-of-teachers/article_9520b5af-6cee-5a2e-badf-3f25237d48d1.html

Hui, T. K, (2021a, August 26). NC Senate passes anti-critical race theory bill that regulates how schools teach racism. News & Observer. https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article253747038.html

Jan, T., McGregor, J., & Hoyer, M. (2021, August 23). Corporate America’s $50 billion promise. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2021/george-floyd-corporate-america-racial-justice/

Jenkins (2021, August 2). Craven County commissioners vote for resolution against critical race theory being taught in public schools. WNCT 9. https://www.wnct.com/on-your-side/school-watch/craven-county-commissioners-vote-for-resolution-against-critical-race-theory-being-taught-in-public-schools/

Journell, W. (2017). Framing controversial identity issues in schools: The case of HB2, bathroom equity, and transgender students. Equity & Excellence in Education, 50(4), 339–354.

Journell, W. (2018). Should marriage equality be taught as controversial post-Obergefell v. Hodges? Teachers College Record, 120(8), 1–28.

Journell, W. (2021). Taking a reasoned stance against misinformation. Phi Delta Kappan, 102(5), 12–17.

June-Friesen, K. (2013,). Massive resistance in a small town: Before and after Brown in Prince Edward County, Virginia. Humanities, 34(5). https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/septemberoctober/feature/massive-resistance-in-small-town

Kearse, S. (2021, June 14). GOP lawmakers intensify effort to ban critical race theory in schools. Pew. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2021/06/14/gop-lawmakers-intensify-effort-to-ban-critical-race-theory-in-schools

Ladson-Billings, G. (2013). Critical race theory—what it’s not. In M. Lynn & A. D. Dixson (Eds.), Handbook of critical race theory in education (pp. 34–47). Routledge.

Leahey, C. R. (2010). Whitewashing war: Historical myth, corporate textbooks, and possibilities for democratic education. Teachers College Press.

Leonardo, Z. (2004). The color of supremacy: anti-racist education and white domination, Journal of Educational Philosophy and Theory, 36(2), 137–152.

Library of Congress (2004). Brown v. Board at Fifty: “With an Even Hand”. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/index.html

Loewen, J. W. (2008). Lies my teacher told me: Everything your American history textbook got wrong. New Press.

Marichal, N. V. (2021). “I feel the responsibility”: The nexus of secondary teacher knowledge, rural education, and emergent bilinguals. Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 11(2), 67–94. https://doi.org/10.3776.2021.v11n2p67-94

Matias, C. E. (2016). Feeling white: Whiteness, emotionality, and education. Sense.

McRae, E. G. (2018). Mothers of massive resistance: White women and the politics of white supremacy. Oxford University Press.

Mosley, M. (2010). “That really hit me hard”: moving beyond passive anti-racism to engage with critical race literacy pedagogy. Race Ethnicity and Education, 13(4), 449–471.

Mullins, R., & Mullins, B. (2021). Everybody lives near Appalachia: Examining Hillbilly Elegy’s impact on American society. Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 11(2), 113–117. https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2021.v11n2p113-117

NASA. (2021). Do scientists agree on climate change? NASA. https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/17/do-scientists-agree-on-climate-change/

Nieto, S., & Bode, P. (2018). Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. Pearson.

Norwood, C. (2021, May 25). Racial bias trainings surged after George Floyd’s death. A year later, experts are still waiting for ‘bold’ change. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/racial-bias-trainings-surged-after-george-floyds-death-a-year-later-experts-are-still-waiting-for-bold-change

Palos, A. (director), & McGinnis, E. (producer). (2011). Precious knowledge [Documentary]. United States: Dos Vatos.

Rebash, M. (2021, August 23). House Bill 3234 to be heard in Senate education committee Tuesday. EdNC. https://www.ednc.org/house-bill-324-to-be-heard-in-senate-education-committee-tuesday/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=house-bill-324-to-be-heard-in-senate-education-committee-tuesday

Rogers, R., & Mosley, M. (2006). Racial literacy in a second-grade classroom: Critical race theory, whiteness studies, and literacy research. Reading Research Quarterly, 41(4), 462–495.

Sabzalian, L., Shear, S. B., & Snyder, J. (2021). Standardizing Indigenous erasure: A TribalCrit and QuantCrit analysis of K-12 U.S. civics and government standards. Theory & Research in Social Education, 49(3), 321–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2021.1922322

Sheasley, C. (2021, June 4). Critical race theory: Who gets to decide what is history? Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Education/2021/0604/Critical-race-theory-Who-gets-to-decide-what-is-history

Shear, S. B., Knowles, R. T., Soden, G. J., & Castro, A. J. (2015). Manifesting destiny: Re/presentations of indigenous peoples in K-12 U.S. history standards. Theory & Research in Social Education, 43(1), 68-101.

Shepard, A. (2021, June 15). The specter of critical race theory is rotting Republicans’ brains. The New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/162737/critical-race-theory-conservative-scam

Solórzano, D., & Yosso, T. (2002). Critical race methodology: Counter-storytelling as an analytical framework for education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 23–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040200800103

Stovall, D., & Annamma, S. A. (2021, July 29). Opinion: Using critical race theory to understand the backlash against it. The Hechinger Report. https://hechingerreport.org/opinion-using-critical-race-theory-to-understand-the-backlash-against-it/

Swain, A., & Baker, T. (2021). Whiteness owns it, Blackness defines it: Rural reality in the Black Belt, Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 11(2), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2021.v11n2p15-27

Tofel-Grehl, C., Searle, K. A., Hawkman, A., & MacDonald, B. L. (2021). Rural teachers’ cultural and epistemic shifts in STEM teaching and learning, Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 11(2), 45–66. https://10.3776/tpre.2021.v11n2p45-66

Villareal, D. (2021, July 14). Death threats and fights over critical race theory have driven at least six educators to resign. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/death-threats-fights-over-critical-race-theory-have-driven-least-six-educators-resign-1609461

Walker, C. (2021, July 12). Facing threats over critical race theory, educators across the US are quitting. Thruthout. https://truthout.org/articles/facing-threats-over-critical-race-theory-educators-across-the-us-are-quitting/

Wall, M. (2021). University professors hit back against opponents of critical race theory. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/us/university-professors-defend-critical-race-theory

Wallace-Wells, B. (2021, June 18). How a conservative activist invented the conflict over critical race theory. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/how-a-conservative-activist-invented-the-conflict-over-critical-race-theory

Wray, M. (2006). Not quite white: White trash and the boundaries of whiteness. Duke University Press.

Yamamoto, E. K. (1997). Critical race praxis: Race theory and political lawyering practice in post-civil rights America. Michigan Law Review, 95(4), 821–900.

Downloads

Published

2021-11-09

How to Cite

Gallagher, J., Blaisdell, B., Howard, C., & Avent Harris, J. . (2021). Navigating Contentious Times in Rural Education: An Introduction to Volume 11, Issue 2 of TPRE. Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 11(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2021.v11n2p1-14