The Invisible Aches of Being a Black Rural Principal in a Predominantly White School

Authors

  • Jamon Flowers University of Georgia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2025.v15n1p214-244

Keywords:

African American/Black principals, rural principals, autoethnography, double consciousness

Abstract

This autoethnographic study addresses a critical gap in research regarding the experiences of Black principals, particularly those operating outside of urban settings. While there is extensive literature on Black urban principals, their counterparts in rural areas remain strikingly understudied. In response to this absence of scholarship, this autoethnographic research, grounded in W.E.B. DuBois’s double consciousness, served two purposes: (a) to understand my experiences as a rural principal in a predominantly White school and (b) to understand how those experiences informed my leadership practices and self-view. Through personal vignettes, I provide a glimpse into and an examination of pivotal moments of how I experienced rural principalship by shedding light on the intersection of race, locale, and leadership. I provide a voice to the lived experiences of rural principalship, which contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of educational leadership. From this (re)examination, I illuminate how those experiences created a template for my work as a principal beyond a rural context.

Author Biography

Jamon Flowers, University of Georgia

Jamon H. Flowers is an Assistant Professor in the Educational Administration and Policy program at the University of Georgia’s Mary Frances Early College of Education. His research focuses on rural educational administration and leadership, particularly leadership identity and consciousness, as well as the collegiate experiences of rural students and the intellectual identity of transitional faculty (non-tenure to tenure-track). Across these areas, he examines the intersections of social identities, place, and opportunity, highlighting often-overlooked narratives in education.

References

Anderson, L. (2006). Analytic autoethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 35, 373-395.

Anderson, M. & Lonsdale, M. (2014). Three rs for rural research: Respect, responsibility and reciprocity. In S. White & M. Corbett (Eds.) Doing educational research in rural settings: Methodological issues, international perspectives and practical solutions (pp.193-204). Routledge.

Agyepong, M. (2019). Discourse, representation, and “othering:” Postcolonial analysis of Donald Trump’s education reform. In R. Winkle-Wagner, J. Lee-Johnson, & A. Gaskew (Eds.), Critical theory and qualitative data analysis in education (pp. 177–180). Routledge.

Arnold, M. L. (2000). Rural schools: Diverse needs call for flexible policies. Midcontinent Research for Education and Learning.

Arnold, M. L. (2004). Guiding rural schools and districts. Midcontinent Research for Education and Learning.

Arnold, M. L., Newman, H. H., Gaddy, B., & Dean, C. B. (2005). A look at the condition of rural education research: Setting a direction for future research. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 20(6), 1–25. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.587.8856&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Azano, A., & Biddle, C. (2019). Disrupting dichotomous traps and rethinking problem formation for rural education. The Rural Educator, 40(2), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.35608/ruraled.v40i2.845

Bernard, D., & Neblett, E. (2018). A culturally informed model of the development of the

impostor phenomenon among African American youth. Adolescent Research Review 3, 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-017-0073-0

Brown, T., Tanner-Smith, E., Lesane-Brown, C., & Ezell, M. (2007). Child, parent, and

situational correlates of familial ethnic/race socialization. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00339.x-i1

Boylorn, R.M. (2008). As seen on tv: An autoethnographic reflection on race and reality

television, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 25(4), 413-433.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15295030802327758

Boylorn, R. M. (2011). Gray or for colored girls who are tired of chasing rainbows: Race and reflexivity. Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 11(2), 178-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708611401336

Boylorn, R.M, (2013). “Sit with your legs closed!” and other sayin’s from my childhood.

In S. Holman Jones, T. E. Adams, & C. Ellis (Eds.) Handbook of Autoethnography (pp. 173-185). Left Coast Press.

Casto, H. G. (2016). “Just one more thing I have to do”: School-community

partnerships. School Community Journal, 26(1), 139-162. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1104400.pdf

Cervone, J. (2018). Corporatizing rural education: Neoliberal globalization and reaction in the United States. Palgrave Macmillan.

Chambers, C., & Crumb, L. (2020). African American rural education: College transitions and postsecondary education. Emerald Publishing Limited.

Corbett, M. (2014). The ambivalence of community: A critical analysis of rural education’s

oldest trope. Peabody Journal of Education, 89(5), 603–618.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/43910279

Custer, D. (2014). Autoethnography as a transformative research method. The Qualitative Report, 19(37), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2014.1011

Davis B. W., Gooden M. A., & Bowers A. J. (2017). Pathways to the principalship: An event history analysis of the careers of teachers with principal certification. American Educational Research Journal, 54(2), 207–240.

Deckers, J. (2021). The value of autoethnography in leadership studies, and its pitfalls. Philosophy of Management, 20, 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40926-020-00146-w

Demi, M., McLaughlin, D., & Snyder, A. (2009). Rural youth residential preferences:

Understanding the youth development-community development nexus. Community Development. 40(4), 311-330. doi.org/10.1080/15575330903279606

DeYoung, A. J. (1987). The status of American rural education research: An integrated review and commentary. Review of Educational Research, 57(2), 123–148. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543057002123

Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, phone, mail, and mixed mode surveys: The tailored design method (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

DuBois, W. E. B. (1918). The souls of black folk: Essays and sketches. A. McClung.

Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. (2000). Autoethnography, personal narrative, reflexivity. In Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 733-768). Sage.

Ellis. C., Adams, T. E., & Bochner, A. (2011). Autoethnography: An overview. Historical Social Research, 36(4), 273-290. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23032294

Farrigan, T. (2017). Rural poverty & well-being. Report prepared by US Department of Agriculture - Economic Research Service.

Fiel, J., & Zhang, Y. (2019). With all deliberate speed: the reversal of court-ordered school desegregation, 1970–2013. American Journal of Sociology, 124(6), 1685-1719.https://doi.org/10.1086/703044

Flowers, J. (2020). What about us? The experiences of African American rural principals in predominantly white rural schools (Publication No. 27998984) [Doctoral dissertation, College of William & Mary]. ProQuest and Theses Global.

Forner, M. (2010). An examination of the leadership practices of effective rural superintendents: A multiple case study (Publication No. 3440809) [Doctoral dissertation, Western Michigan University]. ProQuest and Theses Global.

Gittleman, M. (July, 2022). The “Great Resignation” in perspective. Monthly Labor Review. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48716838

Goings, R., Alexander, S., Davis, J., & Walters, N. M. (2018). Using double consciousness as an analytic tool to discuss the decision making of Black school leaders in disrupting the school-to-prison pipeline. Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education, 17(4), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.31390/taboo.17.4.03

Forman, T. A., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (1997). Race, place, and discrimination. In Carol B. Gardner (Ed.). Perspectives on Social Problems, 9, 231-261.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tyrone-Forman-2/publication/286143121_Race_Place_and_Discrimination/links/6203ed486adc0779cd5388e1/Race-Place-and-Discrimination.pdf

Fuller, E., & Young, M. (2022). Challenges and opportunities in diversifying the leadership pipeline: Flow, leaks and interventions. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 21(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2021.2022712

Gooden, M. A. (2012). What does racism have to do with leadership? Counting this idea of color-bind leadership: A reflection on race & the growing pressures of the urban principalship. Educational Foundations, 26(1/2), 67–84. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ968818.pdf

Grubbs, C. D. (2021). The lived experiences of black male principals in urban

settings (Publication No. 2572559833) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin]. ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Global.

Hansen, C. (2018). Why rural principals leave. The Rural Educator, 39(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.35608/ruraled.v39i1.214

Hays, D. G., & Singh, A. A. (2023). Qualitative research in education and social sciences (2nd Ed.). Cognella.

Hayes S. D., Flowers, J., & Williams, S. M. (2021). “Constant communication:” Rural principals’ leadership practices during a global pandemic. Frontiers in Education, 5(618067), 1-11. https://doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.618067

Helms, J. E., Nicolas, G., & Green, C. E. (2010). Racism and ethnoviolence as trauma: Enhancing professional training. Traumatology, 16(4), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765610389595

Huck, C., & Zhang, J. (2021). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on K-12 education: A systematic literature review. Educational Research and Development Journal, 24(1), 53-84. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1308731.pdf

Jackson-Dunn, J. (2018). African American women principal’s perceptions of challenges faced in obtaining and maintaining principal leadership (Publication No. 2051387807) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Johnson, K. M., & Lichter, D. T. (2022). Growing racial diversity in rural America: Results from the 2020 census (National Issue Brief, No. 163). Carsey Research. https://carsey.unh.edu/publication/growing-racial-diversity-in-rural-america#:~:text=Rural%20America%20remains%20predominately%20non,in%202020%20than%20in%202010.

Jones, C., & Shorter-Gooden, K. (2003). Shifting: The double lives of black women in America. Harper Collins.

Khattri, N., Riley, K. W., & Kane, M. B. (1997). Students at risk in poor, rural areas: A review of the research. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 13(2), 79–100. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED461442.pdf

Lamkin, M. L. (2006). Challenges and changes faced by rural superintendents. The Rural Educator, 28(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.35608/ruraled.v28i1.486

Lavalley, M. (2018). Out of the loop: Rural schools are largely left out of research and policy discussions, exacerbating poverty, inequity, and isolation. Center for Public Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED608842.pdf

Lee, C. (2019). Capturing the personal through the lens of the professional: The use of external data sources in autoethnography. Methodological Innovations, 12(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059799119825576.

Lee-Johnson, J., & Henderson, L. (2019). Using social media to (re)center Black women’s voices in educational research. In R. Winkle-Wagner, J. Lee-Johnson, & A. Gaskew (Eds.), Critical theory and qualitative data analysis in education (pp. 222–233). Routledge.

Lensmire, T. J. (2017). White folks: Race and identity in rural America. Routledge.

Lomotey, K. (Ed.). (2010). Encyclopedia of African American education, volumes I and II. Sage.

Mabokela R. O., & Madsen J. A. (2003). Crossing boundaries: African-American teachers in suburban schools. Comparative Education Review, 47(1), 90–111.

Malakyan, P. (2014). Followership in leadership studies: A case of leader–follower trade approach. Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(4), 6–22.

Marietta, G., & Marietta, S. (2020). Rural education in America: What works for our students, teachers, and communities. Harvard Education Press.

Martínez, M., & Welton, A. (2015). Straddling cultures, identities, and inconsistencies: voices of pre-tenure faculty of color in educational leadership. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 12(2), 122-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942775115606177

Mette, I. (2022). (De)centering whiteness at summit high: reflections of a racialized rural united states. Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, 25(3), 248-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554589221101350

Mobley, S. D. (2019). Answering the methodological “call” to position complex blackness in conversations with hermeneutic phenomenology. In R. Winkle-Wagner, J. Lee-Johnson, and A. Gaskew (Eds.), Critical theory and qualitative data analysis in education (pp. 92–105). Routledge.

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2020). Characteristics, attitudes, and behaviors of principals in rural schools. National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/lla/teachers-rural?tid=1000

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2019). Characteristics of public-school principals. National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cls.asp

Noel, T., Minematsu, A., & Bosca, N. (2023). Collective autoethnography as a transformative narrative methodology. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231203944

Oakley, D., Stowell, J., & Logan, J. (2009). The impact of desegregation on Black teachers in the metropolis, 1970–2000. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(9), 1576-1598. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870902780997

Parton, C., & Azano, A. P. (2022). Context matters: Preparing ELA teachers and supporting students in rural areas. English Education, 54(3), 172-176. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/context-matters-preparing-ela-teachers-supporting/docview/2667858096/se-2

Parker, K., Horowitz, J. M., Brown, A., Fry, R., Cohn, D., & Igielnik, R. (2018). Demographics and economic trends in urban, suburban and rural communities. The Pew Research Center.

Pijanowski, J. C., Hewitt, P. M., & Brady, K. P. (2009). Superintendents’ perceptions of the principal shortage. NASSP Bulletin, 93(2), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192636509343963

Phifer, N. (2002). Memoirs of the soul. Walking Stick Press.

Peterson, P. E. (1981). City limits. The University of Chicago Press.

Preston, J. P., Jakubiec, B. A. E., & Kooymans, R. (2013). Common challenges faced by rural principals: A review of the literature. The Rural Educator, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.35608/ruraled.v35i1.355

Richardson, R. (2013). Creating internal and external support systems for African American male aspiring principals: The evolution of the African American male principal. Retrieved from ProQuest LLC. (Accession No. ED 368265).

Richardson, L. (2000). Evaluating ethnography. Qualitative Inquiry, 6(2), 253-255. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040000600207

Ronai, C. R. (1995). Multiple reflections of child sex abuse: An argument for a layered account. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 23, 395-426. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/089124195023004001?casa_token=T3Cwvd4FOugAAAAA:K1Qay2y6l3yuNGb_0g0sGQh1f5YhWs363UN-gHxwvvoI48q_hXWXOgHnz4mqAkPLvATd1hHLasqZ

Rudel, E., Derr, B., Ralston, M., Williams, T., & Young, A. (2021). Emotional intelligence,

organizational social architecture, and Black male leadership. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 23(4), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.1177/15234223211037749

Schaefer, A., Mattingly, M. J., & Johnson, K. M. (2016). Child poverty higher and more persistent in rural America. The Carsey School of Public Policy at the Scholars’ Repository. https://scholars.unh.edu/carsey/266

Showalter, D., Hartman, S. L., Johnson, J., & Klein, B. (2017). Why rural matters 2016-2017: The time is now. https://www.ruraledu.org/user_uploads/file/WRM-2015-16.pdf

Showalter, D., Hartman, S. L., Johnson, J., & Klein, B. (2019). Why rural matters 2018-2019: The time is now. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED604580.pdf

Showalter, D. Hartman, S. L., Eppley, K., Johnson, J., & Klein, B. (2023). Why rural matters: Centering equity and opportunity. https://wsos-cdn.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/18/WRMReport2023_DIGITAL.pdf

Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. SAGE.

Starr, K., & White, S. (2008). The small rural school principalship: Key challenges and cross-school responses. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 23(5), 1–12.

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document

repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=0b8e109d6bb5a20c1e837b7272931054834eac4e

Steele, C. M. (2010). Whistling Vivaldi: How stereotypes affect us and what we can do. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative quality: Eight “Big-Tent” criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(10), 837-851. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800410383121

Tieken, M. C., & Montgomery, M. K. (2021). Challenges facing schools in rural America. State Education Standard, 21(1), 6-11.

Walker, A. (1983). In search of our mothers’ garden: Womanist prose. Harcourt Grace Jovanovich.

Walker, V. S. (2018). The lost education of Horace Tate. The New Press.

Watson, T., & Baxley, G. (2021). Centering “grace”: Challenging anti-blackness in schooling through motherwork. Journal of School Leadership, 31(1-2), 142-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052684621993085

Weick, K., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Obstfeld, D. (2005). Organizing and the process of sensemaking. Organizational Science, 16, 409 – 421. https:// doi:10.1287/orsc.1050.0133

West, C., & Derrington, M. L. (2009). Leadership teaming: The superintendent-principal relationship. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

Wildy, H. (2014). A collective act: Leading in a small school. Australian Council for Educational Research Press.

Young, A. A. (2004). The minds of marginalized Black men: Making sense of mobility, opportunity, and future life chances. Princeton University Press.

Downloads

Published

2025-10-01

How to Cite

Flowers, J. (2025). The Invisible Aches of Being a Black Rural Principal in a Predominantly White School . Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 15(1), 214–244. https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2025.v15n1p214-244