Trauma-Informed Research-Practice Partnership Building to Support Early Childhood Educators in an Appalachian Community

Authors

  • Lori Caudle The University of Tennessee
  • Cathy Grist Western Carolina University
  • Hannah Thompson University of Tennessee

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2023.v13n2p51-75

Keywords:

Early childhood workforce, Professional development, Rural early childhood education, Trauma-informed research-practice partnerships, Social-emotional interventions

Abstract

Trauma-informed initiatives that prioritize educator well-being through equitable research-practice partnership (RPP) building are necessary to advance trauma-informed education and care for young children in rural Appalachian communities. Early stages of partnership building that consider dimensions identified by Henrick et al. (2017) foster trusting relationships, address the goals of partnering organizations, and work toward capacity building. Burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion fatigue are common problems faced by early childhood professionals who may be exposed to high levels of stress and trauma in their work with young children. Thus, any initiatives with early childhood educators should include short- and long-term strategies to address the status of the workforce. Recognizing how trauma and social determinants of health impact the rural early childhood workforce and their ability to implement trauma-informed practices in the classroom is a first step toward holistic professional development. The purpose of this article is to highlight how the early stages of a partnership study with a rural Appalachian pre-kindergarten (pre-K) program and two universities provided a foundation for future research, practice, and partnership activities. Often, trauma-informed professional learning relies on classroom strategies and swift problem-solving techniques that do not consider the primary and secondary trauma faced by early childhood educators and how these traumas directly impact educators’ ability to improve classroom practices.

Author Biographies

Lori Caudle, The University of Tennessee

Lori A. Caudle, Ph.D., is an assistant professor in the Department of Child and Family Studies at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Before this position, she was an assistant and associate professor of Birth–Kindergarten education at Western Carolina University from 2010–2019. Her main scholarship activities are rooted in a community-engaged, implementation science perspective and involve identifying ways to support and strengthen practices of the early care and education workforce through accessible preservice and in-service professional learning experiences. She prioritizes working with urban and rural early childhood educators from marginalized groups and centers her work in the areas of STEM and trauma-informed education.

Cathy Grist, Western Carolina University

Cathy L. Grist, Ph.D., is a professor and director of the Birth–Kindergarten Program at Western Carolina University. She has particular expertise in early childhood assessment, trauma, social-emotional interventions, and interventions for young children with disabilities. Her research interests include preschool personality, assessment, social-emotional competence in young children, challenging behaviors, trauma in early childhood, and trauma experienced by early childhood professionals. She also provides psychological and behavioral assessments for preschool-age children in a local school system.

Hannah Thompson, University of Tennessee

Hannah R. Thompson, M.A.Ed., is a third-year doctoral student at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville in the Department of Child and Family Studies. Her research interests include barriers to the early care and education workforce, trauma-informed care, educators’ lived experiences, adverse childhood experiences, and early childhood educators’ capacity to support children’s development of social emotional, and self-regulation skills. Specifically, Hannah's work supports educators through the use of Infant Early Childhood Mental Health and multi-tiered systems of support practices.

References

Abrams, E. M. & Szefler, S. J. (2020). COVID-19 and the impact of social determinants of health. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(7), 659–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30234-4

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Arantes de Araújo, L., Veloso, C. F., Souza, M. de C., Azevedo, J. M. C. de, & Tarro, G. (2021). The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child growth and development: A systematic review. Jornal de Pediatria, 97(4), 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.08.008

Bartlett, J. D., & Sacks, V. (2019, April 10). Adverse childhood experiences are different than child trauma, and it’s critical to understand why. Child Trends. https://www.childtrends.org/blog/adverse-childhood-experiences-different-than-child-trauma-critical-to-understand-why

Barnett, M. A., Paschall, K. W., Mastergeorge, A. M., Cutshaw, C. A., & Warren, S. M. (2020). Influences of parent engagement in early childhood education centers and the home on kindergarten school readiness. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 53, 260–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.05.005

Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Ruscio, A. M., Shahly, V., Stein, D. J., Petukhova, M., Hill, E., Alonso, J., Atwoli, L., Bunting, B., Bruffaerts, R., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Huang, Y., … Koenen, K. C. (2016). The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: Results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological Medicine, 46(2), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001981

Blöchliger, O. R., & Bauer, G. F. (2018). Correlates of burnout symptoms among child care teachers. A multilevel modeling approach. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 26(1), 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2018.1412012

Bollinger, J. (2019). Sense of place and resilience in Appalachia. Journal of Appalachian Studies, 25(2), 155–170.

Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Ford, J. D., Fraleigh, L., McCarthy, K., & Carter, A. S. (2010). Prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events in a healthy birth cohort of very young children in the northeastern United States. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(6), 725–733. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20593

Brown, S. & Allen, A. (2021). The interpersonal side of research-practice partnerships. Phi Delta Kappan, 102(7), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/00317217211007333

Carpenter, L. L., Shattuck, T. T., Tyrka, A. R., Geracioti, T. D., & Price, L. H. (2007). Effect of childhood physical abuse on cortisol stress response. Psychopharmacology, 195(4), 515–522.

Caudle, L. A., Quinn, M. F., Harper, F. K., Thompson, H., Rainwater, T., Flowers, C., & The CRRAFT Partnership (in press). “Any other thoughts?”: Establishing third space in a family-school-university STEM partnership to center voices of parents and teachers.

Creamer, J., Shrider, E. A., Burns, K., & Chen, F. (2022). Poverty in the United States: 2021. Census.gov. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-277.html

Crumb, L., Crowe, A., Averett, P., Harris, J. A., & Dart, C. (2021). “Look like you have it together”: Examining mental illness stigma and help seeking among diverse emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 9(6), 702–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696819852563

Cramer, T., & Cappella, E. (2019). Who are they and what do they need: Characterizing and supporting the early childhood assistant teacher workforce in a large urban district. American Journal of Community Psychology, 63(3-4), 312–323. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12338

Dasgupta, N., Beletsky, L., & Ciccarone, D. (2018). Opioid Crisis: No easy fix to its social and economic determinants. American Journal of Public Health, 108(2), 182–186. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304187

De Bellis, M. D. (2015). The psychobiology of neglect. Child Maltreatment, 20(3), 188–196.

de Ruiter, Poorthuis, A. M. G., Aldrup, K., & Koomen, H. M. Y. (2020). Teachers’ emotional experiences in response to daily events with individual students varying in perceived past disruptive behavior. Journal of School Psychology, 82, 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.08.005

Douglass, A., Chickerella, R., & Maroney, M. (2021). Becoming trauma-informed: A case study of early educator professional development and organizational change. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 42(2), 182–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/10901027.2021.1918296

Edwards, E., Patton Terry, N., Bingham, G., & Singer, J. L. (2021). Perceptions of classroom quality and well-being among Black women teachers of young children. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 29(January–July). https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.29.5964

Eyre, S. L., O'Neill, M., & Corbett, M. (2017). Community resilience in Appalachia: An exploratory study of rural communities. Journal of Community Practice, 25(2), 159–178.

Figley, C. R., & Ludick, M. (2017). Secondary traumatization and compassion fatigue. In S. N. Gold (Ed.), APA handbook of trauma psychology: Foundations in knowledge (pp. 573–593). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000019-029

Glazer, J., Shirrell, M., Duff, M., & Freed, D. (2023). Beyond boundary spanning: Theory and learning in research-practice partnerships. American Journal of Education, 129(2), 265–295. https://doi.org/10.1086/723061

Grist, C. & Caudle, L. A. (2021). An examination of the relationships between adverse childhood experiences, personality traits, and job-related burnout in early childhood educators. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, 103426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103426

Grygas Coogle, C.,Ottley, J. R., Rahn, N. L., & Storie, S. (2018). Bug-in-Ear eCoaching: Impacts on novice early childhood special education teachers. Journal of Early Intervention, 40(1), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815117748692

Hammen, C., & Brennan, P. A. (2003). Severity, chronicity, and timing of maternal depression and risk for adolescent offspring diagnoses in a community sample. Archives of general psychiatry, 60(3), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.3.253

Harel-Shalev, A., & Daphna-Tekoah, S. (2018). Listening to silences and voices: A methodological framework. In J. Parpart & S. Parashar (Eds.), Rethinking silence, voice and agency in contested gender terrains (pp. 78–92). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315180458-6

Helton, L. R., & Keller, S. M. (2010). Appalachian women: A study of resiliency assets and cultural values. Journal of Social Service Research, 36, 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488370903578124

Hemmeter, Snyder, P., & Fox, L. (2018). Using the Teaching Pyramid Observation Tool (TPOT) to support implementation of social–emotional teaching practices. School Mental Health, 10(3), 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-017-9239-y

Hege, A., Bouldin, E., Roy, M., Bennett, M., Attaway, P., & Reed-Ashcraft, K. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences among adults in North Carolina, USA: Influences on risk factors for poor health across the lifespan and intergenerational implications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228548

Henrick, E. C., Cobb, P., Penuel, W. R., Jackson, K., & Clark, T. (2017). Assessing research-practice partnerships: Five dimensions of effectiveness. William T. Grant Foundation.

Hendryx, M., & Ahern, M. M. (2008). Relations between health indicators and residential proximity to coal mining in West Virginia. American Journal of Public Health, 98(4), 669–671. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113472

Hubel, Davies, F., Goodrum, N. M., Schmarder, K. M., Schnake, K., & Moreland, A. D. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences among early care and education teachers: Prevalence and associations with observed quality of classroom social and emotional climate. Children and Youth Services Review, 111, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104877

Iruka, I. U., DeKraai, M., Walther, J., Sheridan, S. M., & Abdel-Monem, T. (2020). Examining how rural ecological contexts influence children’s early learning opportunities. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 52, 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.09.005

Jennings, P. A., Frank, J. L., Snowberg, K. E., Coccia, M. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2013). Improving classroom learning environments by Cultivating Awareness and Resilience in Education (CARE): Results of a randomized controlled trial. School Psychology Quarterly, 28(4), 374–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000035

Jones, C. M., & Logan, J. E. (2019). Opioid overdose deaths in Appalachia: Addressing current challenges and moving forward. Journal of the American Medical Association, 321(18), 1775–1776.

Kelley, A. (2020). Public Health Evaluation and the Social Determinants of Health (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003047810

Klein, A. (2011). The coal mining industry of Appalachia: A history of environmental devastation. Environmental Justice, 4(4), 225-231.

Kim, M., Goh, E., & Park, S. (2020). Self-compassion as a protective factor against burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion fatigue among early childhood teachers. Children and Youth Services Review, 110, 104836.

Kwon, K. A., Ford, T. G., Salvatore, A. L., Randall, K., Jeon, L., Malek-Lasater, A., Ellis, N., Kile, M. S., Horm, D. M., Kim, S. G., & Han, M. (2020). Neglected elements of a high-quality early childhood workforce: Whole teacher well-being and working conditions. Early Childhood Education Journal, 50(1), 157–168.

Laughlin, L. M. (2021). Third space, partnerships, & clinical practice: A literature review. The Professional Educator, 44(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.47038/tpe.44.01.05

Leech, N. L., Haug, C. A., Rodriguez, E., & Gold, M. (2022). Why teachers remain teaching in rural districts: Listening to the voices from the field. The Rural Educator, 43(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55533/2643-9662.1340

Lenhoff, S. W. (2020). Unregulated open enrollment and inequitable access to schools of choice. Peabody Journal of Education, 95(3), 248–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2020.1776072

Luthar, S. S. & Mendes, S. H. (2020). Trauma-informed schools: Supporting educators as they support the children. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 8(2), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2020.1721385

Macmadu, A., Gurka, K. K., Linn, H. I., Smith, G. S., & Feinberg, J. (2023). Third space, partnerships, & clinical practice: A literature review. Substance Use & Misuse, 58(2), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2022.2135967

Magill, C., Moseley, C., & Chaffin, C. (2021). Rural community resilience in the Appalachian region: Exploring the influence of community capital. Rural Sociology, 86(1), 83–111.

McLean, C., Austin, L. J. E., Whitebook, M., & Olson, K. L. (2021). Early childhood workforce index – 2020. Berkeley, CA: Center for the Study of Child Care Employment, University of California, Berkeley. https://cscce.berkeley.edu/workforce-index-2020/report-pdf/

McMullen, M. B., Lee, M. S. C., McCormick, K. I., & Choi, J. (2020). Early childhood professional well-being as a predictor of the risk of turnover in childcare: A matter of quality. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 34(3), 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2019.1705446

Miller, S. E. (2018). Early childhood trauma in Appalachia: Understanding the scope, recognizing the impact, and developing effective interventions. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 35(5), 477–490.

Moody, L., Satterwhite, E., & Bickel, W. K. (2017). Substance use in rural central Appalachia: Current status and treatment considerations. Rural Mental Health, 41(2), 123¬–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000064

National Research Council. (2015). Transforming the workforce for children birth through age 8: A unifying foundation. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/19401

Ng, J., Rogers, M., & McNamara, C. (2023). A systematic review of burnout and quality of life of early childhood educators. Issues in Educational Research, 33(1), 173-206. http://www.iier.org.au/iier33/ng.pdf

Nicholson, J., Perez, L., & Kurtz, J. (2019). Trauma-informed practices for early childhood educators: Relationship-based approaches that support healing and build resilience in young children. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315141756

Ormiston, H. E., Nygaard, M. A., & Apgar, S. (2022). A systematic review of secondary traumatic stress and compassion fatigue in teachers. School Mental Health, 14(4), 802–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-022-09525-2

Pollard, K., & Jacobson, L. A. (2022, September 27). Appalachia data report identifies economic gains, key gaps heading into covid pandemic. Population Reference Bureau. https://www.prb.org/resources/appalachia-data-report-identifieseconomic-gains-key-gaps-heading-into-covid-pandemic/

Pollard, K., Srygley, S., & Jacobsen, L. A. (2023). The Appalachian region: A data overview from the 2017–2021 American community survey chartbook. Appalachian Regional Commission.

Rosemberg, M., Gultekin, L., Pardee, M. (2018). High-ACE low wage workers: Occupational health nursing research and praxis through a trauma-informed lens. Workplace Health and Safety, 66(5), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079917736070

Sano, Y., & Mammen, S. (2022). Mitigating the impact of the Coronavirus pandemic on rural low-income families. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 43, 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-021-09800-5

Saunders, B. E., & Adams, Z. W. (2014). Epidemiology of traumatic experiences in childhood. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 23(2), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2013.12.003

Schalkoff, C. A., Lancaster, K. E., Gaynes, B. N., Wang, V., Pence, B. W., Miller, W. C., & Go, V. F. (2020). The opioid and related drug epidemics in rural Appalachia: A systematic review of populations affected, risk factors, and infectious diseases. Substance Abuse, 41(1). 35-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2019.1635555

Silver, H. C., Davis Schoch, A. E., Loomis, A. M., Park, C. E., & Zinsser, K. M. (2023). Updating the evidence: A systematic review of a decade of Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation (IECMHC) research. Infant Mental Health Journal, 44(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.22033

Sjölund, S., Lindvall, J., Larsson, M., & Ryve, A. (2022). Mapping roles in research-practice partnerships: A systematic literature review. Educational Review, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2021.2023103

Sprang, G., Craig, C. D., & Clark, J. J. (2018). Secondary traumatic stress and burnout in child welfare workers: A comparative analysis of occupational distress across professional groups. Child Maltreatment, 23(3), 245–255.

Strüber, N., Strüber, D., Roth, G., & Häuser, W. (2018). Neurobiological alterations in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging findings. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 95, 412–427.

Strüber, N., Strüber, D., Roth, G., & Hübener, M. (2014). Methylphenidate enhances early stage sensory processing and rodent performance of a visual discrimination task. PLoS One, 9(3), 1326–1337.

Sturm, C. (2008). Displacement, removal, and erasure: The cultural politics of the Trail of Tears. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 98(4), 857–876.

Snyder, P. A., Hemmeter, M. L., & Fox, L. (2015). Supporting implementation of evidence-based practices through practice-based coaching. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 35(3), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271121415594925

Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507

Totenhagen, C. J., Hawkins, S. A., Casper, D. M., Bosch, L. A., Hawkey, K. R., & Borden, L. M. (2016). Retaining early childhood education workers: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 30(4), 585–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2016.1214652

Trozzo, K., Munsell, J., Niewolney, K., & Chamberlain, J. L. (2019). Forest food and medicine in contemporary Appalachia, Southeastern Geographer, 59(1), 52–76. https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2019.0005

Vetter, A., Faircloth, B. S., Hewitt, K. K., Gonzalez, L. M., He., Y., & Rock, M. L. (2022). Equity and social justice in research practice partnerships in the United States. Review of Educational Research, 92(5), 829–866. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543211070048

Whitebook, M. & Sakai, L. (2004). By a thread: how child care centers hold on to teachers, how teachers build lasting careers. W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. https://doi.org/10.17848/9781417524457

Whitebook, M. (2020). Pay inequity in early childhood. Center for the Study of Child Care Employment. https://cscce.berkeley.edu/blog/pay-inequity-in-early-childhood/

Whitaker, R. C., Dearth-Wesley, T., Gooze, R. A., Becker, B. D., Gallagher, K. C., & McEwen, B. S. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences, dispositional mindfulness, and adult health. Preventive Medicine, 67, 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.029

Woodhouse, S. S., Scarborough, A. A., Donovan, E. E., & Handy, F. (2019). Building resilience in early childhood teachers: A pilot study of a positive psychology intervention. Early Education and Development, 30(5), 598-614.

Zipper, C. E., & Skousen, J. (2021). Coals legacy in Appalachia: Lands, waters, and people. The Extractive Industries and Society, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2021.100990

Downloads

Published

2023-10-27

How to Cite

Caudle, L., Grist, C., & Thompson, H. (2023). Trauma-Informed Research-Practice Partnership Building to Support Early Childhood Educators in an Appalachian Community. Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 13(2), 51–75. https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2023.v13n2p51-75